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Antioxidant Research

Antioxidant Research

Antioxidant Research

Research Methods for Assessing Biological Effectiveness

To better understand how researchers make conclusions about the necessity and effectiveness of antioxidant supplements, knowledge of their measurement techniques is required. Basically, three methods are common to assessing the effectiveness of antioxidant compounds in athletes: measurement of the oxidized products or molecules, measurement of tissue damage, and ultimately, measurement of performance itself. Investigators can sample serum, urine, breath, or tissue specimens for oxidized compounds generated as a result of free radical activity. These products include malondialdehyde (MDA), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), pentane and ethane, conjugated dienes, and lipid hydroperoxides. Of these, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurement of lipid hydroperoxides is the most direct assessment of oxidative damage. Because of inconsistencies among these techniques and the variability of oxidized products, the best research takes into account more than one of the oxidation products and may investigate more than one medium (i.e., breath and serum).

In addition to indices of oxidative damage, physiologists interested in muscle damage and recovery also measured damage indirectly through cellular damage markers. Since lipid membrane peroxidation leads to abnormalities in the cell membrane, intracellular enzymes may leak from the cell and into the blood plasma with antioxidant damage. These enzymes can be measured in the blood as indirect markers of cell membrane damage. The most frequently measured enzymatic markers of muscle damage in the serum are as creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT-formerly known as SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST -formerly SGOT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Muscle proteins can also be catabolized as a result of mechanical and oxidative damage, therefore, urinary nitrogen excretion can also be quantified. Taking the nitrogen excretion concept further, nitrogen balance (NBAL) studies and even stable isotope methodology can be used to assess muscle damage via protein breakdown.

Perhaps most pertinent to an athlete's bottom line are a variety of exercise performance tests that can be used. These range from treadmill and cycle protocols to strength measurements. Such tests can assess both ergogenic benefits from [antioxidant] supplementation and recovery rate after strenuous bouts of exercise. In essence, the practical effects of antioxidant supplementation can be assessed by the determination of whether performance can be improved or whether a high level of performance can be maintained with repeated bouts of exercise.

When considering the data obtained from the a forementioned measures, often findings are inconsistent. Much of the inconsistent findings in exercise and free radical/antioxidant research may be attributed to the lack of uniformity in study design regarding protocol, especially for performance testing. When evaluating this research, it is important to note the type, intensity, and duration of exercise used as well as the duration of the recovery period between multiple bouts. Since performance testing tends to yield the most inconsistent results in antioxidant research, some authors have criticized the use of performance measures. Physical performance is a multifactorial process, and therefore performance testing may not serve as a good indicator of the effects of antioxidant supplementation. Although exercise testing may not be an extremely sensitive measure, numerous studies have shown positive effects of antioxidant supplementation and therefore, if protocol uniformity is attempted, perhaps the data would show more consistent results in a specific direction.

In addition to protocol concerns, populationspecific variables are important to consider. When evaluating the results from antioxidant research, it is important to note the type of population that the subjects were drawn from (i.e., weight lifters, cyclists, runners, old, young, male, female, etc.). Of course, animal ex vivo (pre-treated human cells examined outside the body) or in vitro (in a test tube or dish) data are sometimes the only available source of information. In such cases, recognize that humans may react differently but are generally considered similar until proven otherwise.

Thorne Research - Anti-Oxidant - 60's
Thorne Research - Anti-Oxidant - 60's
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Description

In addition to a basic antioxidant product containing vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium and zinc, Thorne Research's Anti-Oxidant also includes antioxidant nutrients that assist systemic and hepatic detoxification.

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  • Thorne Research - Anti-Oxidant - 60's
Nutri-Supreme Research Ultra Anti-Oxidant Complex (Contains Resveratrol) - 60 Vegicaps
Nutri-Supreme Research Ultra Anti-Oxidant Complex (Contains Resveratrol) - 60 Vegicaps
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Supports Healthy Immune & Liver Function.

Sports Research Organic Blueberry Super Fruit, 60-Count
Sports Research Organic Blueberry Super Fruit, 60-Count
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Organic Blueberry Super Fruit is the ONLY Organic Blueberry "Whole Fruit" softgel in the world today. Blueberry Super Fruit is a High ORAC, Powerful Antioxidant, all Natural Whole Fruit made from Organic Blueberries. Our natural process (no solvents used) maintains the fruit's active enzymes in a state of optimal bioavailabilty.

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  • Supports healthy brain funtion
  • Powerful anioxidant
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JAN MARINI ANTITOXIDANT DAILY FACE PROTECTION SPF 30 WATERPROOF
JAN MARINI ANTITOXIDANT DAILY FACE PROTECTION SPF 30 WATERPROOF
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Brand NEW Sealed 2 oz / 60g Tube of Jan Marini Antioxidant Daily Face Protectant SPF-30 NON-TINTED Waterproof

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  • SPF 30 WATERPROOF DAILY FACE PROTECTANT
Thorne Research - Pets - Small Animal Anti-Oxidant - For Canine and Feline 120 Capsules
Thorne Research - Pets - Small Animal Anti-Oxidant - For Canine and Feline 120 Capsules
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  • Thorne Research - Pets - Small Animal Anti-Oxidant - For Canine and Feline 120 Capsules
StriVectin Antioxidant, 3.5 oz.
StriVectin Antioxidant, 3.5 oz.
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StriVectin Facial Anti-Oxidant helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and improve skin elasticity/firmness, in addition to helping to protect your skin from further damage (like wrinkles, dryness, and thinning skin) by shielding skin cells from the harm caused by free radicals cell damaging molecules that are created by exposure to pollutants, smoke, and other environmental factors, including UV light.

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Jan Marini AntiOxidant Daily Face Protectant (2 oz)
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Jan Marini - AntiOxidant Daily Face Protectant - SPF30 - Waterproof for all skin types Jan Marini Skin Research Antioxidant Daily Face Protectant SPF 30 combines a cutting edge microscopic sponge encapsulation system, state of the art sun protection, a powerful antioxidant component, and a superb hydrating complex. And now, new PhytoMelanin Plant extract technology offers excellent additional UV and antioxidant protection. By incorporating PhytoMelanin technology into our SPF 30 Antioxidant Daily Face Protectant, this already remarkable formula now provides even greater natural photoprotection along with exceptional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Antioxidant Daily Face Protectant incorporates a stable sunscreen system that provides broad spectrum protection to 400 nanometers. In addition, a remarkable skin recovery and antioxidant technology to further protect the skin from environmental exposure is included. The result is a formulation that ensures continuous coverage for daily or extended exposure conditions with a broad spectrum SPF 30 rating that is also very water resistant for times when perspiration or water sports may be a factor. Unlike traditional sunscreen, Daily Face Protectant never feels heavy or greasy, but instead gives a lasting oil-free matte finish that leaves facial skin with a soft silky conditioned effect as it aids in increasing and sustaining moisture content. This is due to microscopic sponge technology. Microscopic sponges are polymer spheres with huge numbers of interconnecting spaces that can entrap and absorb unwanted materials such as excess oils. Their virtually unlimited capacity enables the elimination of undesirable shine, as well as continuous monitoring for all-day control (2 oz)

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  • Highest Quality AntiOxidant Line available
Thorne Research - Co-Q-100 (100 mg) - 90's
Thorne Research - Co-Q-100 (100 mg) - 90's
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Present in the mitochondria of every cell, coenzyme Q10 is an essential factor in ATP production. The need for CoQ10 appears to be greatest in metabolically-active cells such as in the heart, gingiva, immune system, and gastric mucosa. CoQ10 is also an antioxidant, and appears to recycle vitamin E.

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  • Thorne Research - Co-Q-100 (100 mg) - 90's
Trace Minerals Research Electrolyte Stamina Power Pak Concord Grape, 32-Count Boxes
Trace Minerals Research Electrolyte Stamina Power Pak Concord Grape, 32-Count Boxes
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An effervescent electrolyte drink w/1200 mg Vitamin C and 90 nutrients including vitamins, minerals, and ionic trace minerals with a great Concord Grape flavor.

Features

  • An effervescent electrolyte drink
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Allergy Research Group Prolive with Antioxidants 90 tablets
Allergy Research Group Prolive with Antioxidants 90 tablets
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Description

Prolive with Antioxidants contains standardized extract of olive tree leaves (Olea europa) formulated with antioxidants, in tablet form to maintain potency.

Features

  • Supports balanced intestinal microbiology, circulation and healthy cholesterol within normal levels.*
  • A new highly effective, natural food supplement obtained from selected extracts of the olive plant (Olea europa), fortified with antioxidants.
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