skin antioxidant

Skin Aging

Numerous variables that determine the quality of the skin, in particular, the ravages of the external environment and age are the variables that most important.

Aging is a continuous, universal, progressive, intense, disruptive, but democratic phenomenon, which is essential to the evolutionary process and the skin is no exception. The older we get, the more wrinkles on our skin becomes. In human skin, factors such as age, sun exposure, smoking, and endocrine changes are considered important risk factors for wrinkles [1-4].

The concept of skin aging
The skin is a single body, reflecting the inevitable changes that occur in the aging process of the body. This is the body's dynamic interface with the environment and as such, its duties include barrier function of mechanical protection and wound healing, immune surveillance, thermoregulation, and sebum production, to mention some. All these functions decline with age. The aging of the skin is a complex process associated with morphological and chemical changes, dictated by inherent genetic program and accelerated by environmental damage to genes and their protein products. Through structural and molecular degradation, aging causes a functional deficit in the skin resulting in clinical changes, including wrinkles, color changes (discoloration), lax, not elasticity [5, 6].

Two processes independent governing aging skin, intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging.

Intrinsic aging
The intrinsic aging, also known as the natural aging process is irreversible tissue degeneration slow, which affects nearly every organ of the body. Usually from mid 20s, intrinsic aging is an ongoing process which, by definition, is inevitable and, as such, is not subject to manipulation through changes in human behavior. It is genetically programmed and causes structural and functional changes in all layers of the skin. Despite starting in mid of the 20 signs of intrinsic aging are typically not visible for decades [7-9].

Intrinsic aging produces lines and wrinkles, spots, age spots and pigmentation problems, broken capillaries, dull skin texture and color, and skin defects. Apart from these, the intrinsic aging can cause previously lunar attraction or the birthmark to revert to an unattractive protrusion or scar may be imperceptible once more evident when wrinkles form around it. The production of collagen in the skin slows and elastin, a protein that forms the basic substance of elastic tissue, which allows the skin to snap back into place to shoot, it becomes less "elastic". The epidermal turnover (turnover of cells skin), which takes about 28 days in young adult requires about 40-60 days in the elderly. This lower turnover results in a thinning of the epidermis, age that gives the skin a translucent appearance, and negatively affect the barrier function of skin and repair, and cell exfoliation. Intrinsic aging causes a decrease in subdermal (beneath the skin), adipose tissue, which contributes to wrinkles and sagging of the skin, making it skin more sensitive to trauma and bruising. Despite causing a number of structural changes, the effects of intrinsic aging are primarily functional with only minor impacts on the appearance of the skin (as mentioned above) - fine wrinkles, dryness and thinning. The intrinsic genetic program of aging differs in each individual, both in terms of rate and severity of the effects [8, 10, 11].

Extrinsic aging
Extrinsic aging is usually caused by external factors introduced into the body, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, pollution, temperature extremes and chronic sun exposure (photoaging). Other factors include repetitive facial expressions, gravity and sleeping positions. Of all these external factors sun exposure is considered the most significantly harmful to the skin and according to Baumann (2007) 80% of facial aging is believed to be due to exposure Chronic sun [8, 9].

1. Exposure to sun (photoaging)
Human skin is exposed to ultraviolet and infrared rays almost every day without protection against the sun, a few minutes of exposure each day over the past years can cause noticeable changes to the skin, skin loses the ability to repair itself and as such, the damage accumulates. The clinical manifestation of photoaging depends on skin type, skin color and history long-term or intense sun exposure. An individual with white skin with a history of sun exposure develop more signs of photoaging that a person dark skin. For individuals with darker skin, signs of photoaging are usually limited to fine wrinkles and skin blotches or spots of different shades or colors. It has been shown that repeated ultraviolet exposure damages the skin, breaking down the collagen that affects the synthesis of collagen and elastin of attack, causing damage immense. Photoaging is characterized by thick, deep wrinkles, severe, and changes in pigmentation in exposed areas, such as the face, neck and forearm. The losses in the tone and skin elasticity, increased skin fragility, and benign lesions are also observed in skin affected by photoaging [8-10].

2. Cigarette smoking
Cigarette smoking is the causal factor second only to premature skin aging and photoaging triggers biochemical changes in the body, which accelerate the aging process. It has been shown that individuals who smoke 10 or more cigarettes a day for at least 10 years are statistically more likely to develop deep wrinkles, leathery skin than nonsmokers. Smoking exerts a remarkable effect on the skin, it is often possible to detect whether a person is a smoker or not by just looking at her face. These individuals have more wrinkles and their skin tends to have a greyish pallor compared with nonsmokers [8, 12-15]. The most serious damage to the skin through smoking is often caused by the following:
a. reduction in body storage of vitamin A, which produces protection against skin damage
b. Continuous lines smoking a cigarette and squinting in response to cigarette smoke create wrinkles on the skin around the eyes and mouth - these are classic signs of the face "of the smoker"
c. restriction of blood flow through the capillaries, which precludes obtaining oxygen and nutrients to the skin
d. restricting the absorption of vitamin C, an antioxidant essential for skin protection and health
e. accelerating the decline in the production of collagen, an enzyme vital to skin elasticity.
(From Lifestyle - Ref 14)

3. Facial expression / Facial Animation
Every time you make facial expressions, a facial muscle or facial muscles are used. These cause a furrow to form beneath the surface of the skin causing it to form with each facial expression lines. As skin ages and loses its elasticity, loses its ability to spring back to its line of "free" state and thus be permanently etched grooves on the face as fine lines and wrinkles (known as expression wrinkles) [8, 16].

4. Sleeping Positions
Continuously to sleep face resting on a pillow in the same way every night for years can lead to development of wrinkles on the face. These wrinkles (also known as sleep lines) will eventually become etched on the surface of skin and do not disappear when the head is not resting on the pillow [8].

5. Gravity
Of course, gravity pulls on our bodies, however, changes related to gravity become more pronounced with age. When the skin loses its elasticity, the effects of gravity become more evident that cause drooping eyelids and eyebrows, the elongation of the earlobes, the formation of jowls and wattle, drooping of the tip of the nose and the disappearance of the upper lip while the lower lip becomes more pronounced [8, 17].

Prevention of skin aging
Although not much can be done to halt or reverse intrinsic aging, extrinsic changes associated with aging are largely preventable. Preventive measures include,

1. Protection UV light, which at any age reduces photoaging and decreases the risk of age-related skin diseases. Photoprotective measures include
? Avoid the sun particularly when the sun's rays are strongest (generally 10-4.
? Wear protective clothing (eg, wide-brimmed hats, long sleeves) when outdoors during the day.
? The application of sunscreen. This spectrum should be comprehensive, offering UVA and UVB protection, and should have a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher.
? Avoid deliberate tanning, including use of indoor tanning devices.
According to McCullough, et al (2006) prevention measures should begin in early childhood from about 80% of the damage to the skin from the sun is thought to occur by the age of 18. McCullough, et al (2006) also mention the fact that sunscreen use is the "gold standard" for protecting the skin from ultraviolet light. It has also been well documented that regular use of a broad-spectrum sunscreen can not prevent sunburn, but also the aging of the skin of many effects, such as wrinkles and pigmentation changes. In association with the implementation of a treatment of aging skin, use sunscreen and sun protection is also important. It is essential to note that the beneficial effects of measures to rejuvenate the skin is minimized or canceled if the unprotected sun exposure continues to induce skin damage [8, 10].

2. The use of antioxidants, which provide another approach to the prevention and treatment of skin, both intrinsic and extrinsic aging. The skin has an integrated endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism that neutralizes free radicals (which play a key role in biological events that lead to Clinical manifestations of skin aging) and protects cells from damage. These naturally occurring antioxidants are reduced in chronically aged skin and further reduced in sun-damaged skin. Taking antioxidants can help increase levels of antioxidants in the skin to improve the defense mechanisms. However, according to McCullough et al (2006) oral supplementation has not been successful in increasing the levels of antioxidants in the skin as a result of physiological processes that have place in the body. However it has been shown that antioxidants can be delivered through percutaneous (through skin) directly antioxidant supplement reservoir of the skin. Antioxidants include vitamin A (retinol), C (ascorbic acid) and E (tocopherol), carotene and bioflavonoids [10, 18].

3. Stop smoking, exercising or refraining from facial expressions and correct positions, by not sleeping on his stomach, [8].

Rejuvenation of aging skin (anti-aging procedures)
For people hoping to look younger or wondering how to look younger, corrective measures to aging of the skin are numerous and varied. These include:
1. Topical medications such as topical retinoids (eg tretinoin, tazarotene and adapalene) that are effective in reducing fine lines and wrinkles, as well as improve skin texture and hyperpigmentation [10].
2. Chemical peels, that are very beneficial in treating wrinkles, skin discoloration and age spots. Depending on the amount of skin damage, a variety of peeling agents are used to produce chemical peel light, medium or deep. In healing, the new skin, which is considerably smoother, fresher and younger in appearance, is generated [11, 18].
3. Botulinum toxin (Botox), a sterile, vacuum dried purified botulinum toxin type A. It temporarily denervates specific muscles, which are responsible for certain facial wrinkles, including horizontal forehead lines, horizontal neck lines and crows feet. Is injected in very small amounts in specific muscles to treat and improve lines, wrinkles and facial folds related to the expression [11, 18].
4. Soft tissue fillers, which involves injecting fillers under the skin. A variety of fillers are available and used success in soft tissue augmentation are bovine collagen, silicone, hyaluronic acid, Fibrel ®, Goretex ®, to name a few, all these aspects to be applied by a trained dermatologist. Used for "fat" or contour and correct wrinkles, furrows and hollows in his face [11, 18].
5. Dermabrasion, one traditional technique, which uses a special instrument to remove or abrade the top layers of skin and smooth out the irregularities on the surface of the skin. Usually performed to correct scarring, but is used by some doctors to carry out substantial dermabrasion for sun-damaged skin or pigmentation problems skin [10-11, 18].
6. Microdermabrasion, which uses tiny particles that pass through a vacuum tube to gently scrape the skin from aging and stimulate new cell growth. Suitable for damage in patients with mild to moderate skin and wrinkles [11].
7. Facelift, a well known procedure used to eliminate sagging and redundant skin in the lower third of the face and under the chin [11].
8. Laser resurfacing, also known as "skin laser is a relatively new procedure, which uses the new generation of carbon dioxide and erbium YAG laser to remove areas of damaged skin or wrinkled, layer by layer, leaving skin fresh underneath. It is most commonly used to minimize the appearance of fine lines, especially around the mouth and eyes. It is also effective in treating facial scars or areas of uneven pigmentation. Is often done in conjunction with another cosmetic operation, such as surgery aesthetic or eyelid surgery [11, 19].
9. Nonablative: relatively new treatment options used to rejuvenate aging damaged sun and skin of the face. They use non-ablative laser and intense pulsed light technologies, including the rejuvenation of electrosurgical power use at low temperature. Nonablative techniques have been developed as a less destructive alternative to laser and chemical peels. When used to treat wrinkles and scars, These techniques allow rapid healing and improving fine lines, and possibly skin tone [11, 18].
10. Light Therapy, which is essentially the use of infrared LED light therapy. This is used in the fact that the skin has the ability to absorb infrared light and in the process of using it as a source of energy to stimulate cellular regeneration. First investigated by NASA for use in the U.S. space program, the infrared LED light therapy can reverse and control the visible signs of aging without the use of harsh chemical treatments or invasive surgical procedures. Infrared LED light therapy aids in increasing production of collagen and elastin, thereby improving skin tone and elasticity. This form of light therapy is gentle, painless, safe, noninvasive and nonabrasive and its implementation is comfortable and relaxing. This is straight forward ease of use that can be used in the comfort of home.

Recommended products for Aging Skin

References
1. Ramalho A, Smith CL, AACC Pais, JJS Sousa. In the study in vivo human skin friction: The influence of moisturizers on different anatomical sites. Use 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2006.11.051
2. Brincat MP. Hormone replacement therapy and skin. Maturitas 2000, 35: 107-117.
3. Cucinotta D. Prevention of pathological aging for clinical evaluation and biological functional integral. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2007, Suppl 1: 125-132.
4. Seo JY, Chung JH. Thermal aging: A new concept of skin aging. J Dermatol Sci 2006, 2 (Suppl): S13-S22.
5. Venna SS, Gilchrest MD. Skin aging and photoaging. Skin & Aging 2004, 2: 56-69
6. Diridollou S et al. The aging of the skin: changes in the physical properties of human skin in vivo. Int J Cosm Sci 2001; 23: 353-362.
7. Leung WC, Harvey I. The graying of the skin in the elderly caused by sun exposure or smoking? Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 1187-1191.
8. AgingSkinNet. The causes of skin aging. Available From: www.skincarephysicians.com / AgingSkinNet / basicfacts.html. Accessed on: July 11, 2007.
9. Baumann L. skin aging and its treatment. J Pathol 2007, 211: 241-251.
10. McCullough JL, Kelly KM. Prevention and treatment of aging skin. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006; 1067: 323-331.
11. American Society for Dermatologic Surgery Fact Sheet. The ravages of time and sun. American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. Available at: http://www.asds-net.org/Patients/FactSheets/patients-Fact_Sheet-aging_skin.html. Accessed on: 11 July 2007.
12. Petitjean A et al. Effect of cigarette smoking in the skin of women. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42: 259-261.
13. Frances C. no 's wrinkles: epidemiological and pathogenic considerations. Dermatol Clin 1998; 16: 565-570.
14. Lifestyle. Smoking and Skin Aging. Available at: http://lifestyle.simplyantiaging.com/smoking-and-skin-aging. Accessed on: 13 July 2007.
15. BBC News. Smoking ages across the body. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6466041.stm. Accessed on: 13 July 2007.
16. Wu Y, Thalmann NM, Thalmann D. A dynamic wrinkle model in facial animation and skin aging. Visual J Anim Comp 1995, 6 (4): 195-205.
17. CD Mohatta. Why Aging what age the skin? American Chronicle. Available at: http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=12644. Accessed on: 15 July 2007.
18. Ramos-e-Silva M, Carneiro da Silva, SC. In older skin and renewal: products and procedures for aging skin. Cosmetol J Dermatol 2007; 6: 40-50.
19. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. The rejuvenation of the skin. Available at: http://www.plasticsurgery.org/patients_consumers/procedures/SkinResurfacing.cfm. Accessed on: 15 July 2007.

Disclaimer

This article is for informational purposes only. Not intended as medical advice and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult your doctor for all your medical concerns. Please follow any information given in this article only after consulting your doctor or other qualified medical professional. The author is not liable for any outcome or damage resulting from any information obtained from this article.

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